The ARTT Team has developed its response modes and analysis tools through rigorous academic and practitioner research. Below is a list of the sources that have helped the project move forward and to reach for the goals for which it was created.
[1] Amazeen, Michelle A., and Erik P. Bucy. 2019. “Conferring Resistance to Digital Disinformation: The Inoculating Influence of Procedural News Knowledge.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 63 (3): 415–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2019.1653101.
[2] Andı, Simge, and Jesper Akesson. 2021. “Nudging Away False News: Evidence from a Social Norms Experiment.” Digital Journalism 9 (1): 106–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1847674.
[3] Banerjee, Smita C., and Kathryn Greene. 2006. “Analysis Versus Production: Adolescent Cognitive and Attitudinal Responses to Antismoking Interventions.” Journal of Communication 56 (4): 773–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00319.x.
[4] Bechler, Christopher J., and Zakary L. Tormala. 2021. “Misdirecting Persuasive Efforts during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Targets People Choose May Not Be the Most Likely to Change.” Journal of the Association for Consumer Research 6 (1): 187–95. https://doi.org/10.1086/711732.
[5] Berkowitz, Leonard. 1972. “Social Norms, Feelings, and Other Factors Affecting Helping and Altruism.” In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 6:63–108. Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60025-8.
[6] Bickford, Susan. 2018. The Dissonance of Democracy: Listening, Conflict, and Citizenship. The Dissonance of Democracy. Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501722202.
[7] Bloom, Paul. 2017. “Empathy and Its Discontents.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 21 (1): 24–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.11.004.
[8] Bojer, Marianne (“Mille”), Marianne Knuth, and Colleen Magner. 2006. “Mapping Dialogue: A Research Project Profiling Dialogue Tools and Processes for Social Change (Version 2.0).” Johannesburg, South Africa: Pioneers of Change Associates. http://www.mspguide.org/sites/default/files/resource/mapping_dialogue_-_a_research_project_profiling_dialogue_tools_and_processes.pdf.
[9] Cai, Deborah A., and Colleen Tolan. 2020. “Public Shaming and Attacks on Social Media: The Case of White Evangelical Christians.” Negotiation and Conflict Management Research 13 (3): 231–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/ncmr.12188.
[10] Compton, Joshua A., and Michael Pfau. 2005. “Inoculation Theory of Resistance to Influence at Maturity: Recent Progress In Theory Development and Application and Suggestions for Future Research.” Annals of the International Communication Association 29 (1): 97–146. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2005.11679045.
[11] Dobson, Andrew. 2014. Listening for Democracy: Recognition, Representation, Reconciliation. Oxford University Press.
[12] Ecker, Ullrich K. H., Stephan Lewandowsky, John Cook, Philipp Schmid, Lisa K. Fazio, Nadia Brashier, Panayiota Kendeou, Emily K. Vraga, and Michelle A. Amazeen. 2022. “The Psychological Drivers of Misinformation Belief and Its Resistance to Correction.” Nature Reviews Psychology 1 (1): 13–29. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44159-021-00006-y.
[13] Eveland, William P., Kathryn D. Coduto, Osei Appiah, and Olivia M. Bullock. 2020. “Listening During Political Conversations: Traits and Situations.” Political Communication 37 (5): 656–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2020.1736701.
[14] Gagneur, Arnaud. 2020. “Motivational Interviewing: A Powerful Tool to Address Vaccine Hesitancy.” Canada Communicable Disease Report 46 (4): 93–97. https://doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v46i04a06.
[15] Gordon, Andrew, Ullrich K. H. Ecker, and Stephan Lewandowsky. 2019. “Polarity and Attitude Effects in the Continued-Influence Paradigm.” Journal of Memory and Language 108 (October): 104028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2019.104028.
[16] Haigh, Carol, and Pip Hardy. 2011. “Tell Me a Story — a Conceptual Exploration of Storytelling in Healthcare Education.” Nurse Education Today 31 (4): 408–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2010.08.001.
[17] Hangartner, Dominik, Gloria Gennaro, Sary Alasiri, Nicholas Bahrich, Alexandra Bornhoft, Joseph Boucher, Buket Buse Demirci, et al. 2021. “Empathy-Based Counterspeech Can Reduce Racist Hate Speech in a Social Media Field Experiment.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118 (50): e2116310118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2116310118.
[18] Jeong, Se-Hoon, Hyunyi Cho, and Yoori Hwang. 2012. “Media Literacy Interventions: A Meta-Analytic Review.” The Journal of Communication 62 (3): 454–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01643.x.
[19] Jones-Jang, S. Mo, Tara Mortensen, and Jingjing Liu. 2019. “Does Media Literacy Help Identification of Fake News? Information Literacy Helps, but Other Literacies Don’t.” American Behavioral Scientist, August. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764219869406.
[20] Klimecki, Olga M. 2019. “The Role of Empathy and Compassion in Conflict Resolution.” Emotion Review 11 (4): 310–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073919838609.
[21] Klimecki, Olga M., Matthieu Vétois, and David Sander. 2020. “The Impact of Empathy and Perspective-Taking Instructions on Proponents and Opponents of Immigration.” Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 7 (1): 91. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-00581-0.
[22] Lederach, John Paul. 2003. The Little Book of Conflict Transformation. The Little Books of Justice & Peacebuilding. Intercourse, PA: Good Books.
[23] Maddison, Sarah. 2017. “Can We Reconcile? Understanding the Multi-Level Challenges of Conflict Transformation.” International Political Science Review / Revue Internationale de Science Politique 38 (2): 155–68.
[24] McGuire, William J. 1964. “Some Contemporary Approaches.” In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, edited by Leonard Berkowitz, 1:191–229. Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60052-0.
[25] Munger, Kevin. 2021. “Don’t @ Me: Experimentally Reducing Partisan Incivility on Twitter.” Journal of Experimental Political Science 8 (2): 102–16. https://doi.org/10.1017/XPS.2020.14.
[26] Nyhan, Brendan, and Jason Reifler. 2014. “The Effect of Fact-Checking on Elites: A Field Experiment on U.S. State Legislators.” American Journal of Political Science 59 (3): 628–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12162.
[27] ———. 2015. “Displacing Misinformation about Events: An Experimental Test of Causal Corrections.” Journal of Experimental Political Science 2 (1): 81–93. https://doi.org/10.1017/XPS.2014.22.
[28] Office of the U.S. Surgeon General. 2021. “A Community Toolkit for Addressing Health Misinformation.” Office of the U.S. Surgeon General. SurgeonGeneral.gov/HealthMisinformation.
[29] Pennycook, Gordon, Jonathon McPhetres, Yunhao Zhang, Jackson G. Lu, and David G. Rand. 2020. “Fighting COVID-19 Misinformation on Social Media: Experimental Evidence for a Scalable Accuracy-Nudge Intervention.” Psychological Science, June. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620939054.
[30] Peter, Christina, and Thomas Koch. 2016. “When Debunking Scientific Myths Fails (and When It Does Not): The Backfire Effect in the Context of Journalistic Coverage and Immediate Judgments as Prevention Strategy.” Science Communication 38 (1): 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547015613523.
[31] Rogers, Carl R., and Richard Evans Farson. 2015. Active Listening. Martino Fine Books.
[32] Roozenbeek, Jon, and Sander van der Linden. 2019. “Fake News Game Confers Psychological Resistance against Online Misinformation.” Palgrave Communications 5 (1). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0279-9.
[33] Saveski, Martin, Nabeel Gillani, Ann Yuan, Prashanth Vijayaraghavan, and Deb Roy. 2022. “Perspective-Taking to Reduce Affective Polarization on Social Media.” Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 16 (May): 885–95.
[34] Seo, Hyunjin, Joseph Erba, Darcey Altschwager, and Mugur Geana. 2019. “Evidence-Based Digital Literacy Class for Older, Low-Income African-American Adults.” Journal of Applied Communication Research 47 (2): 130–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2019.1587176.
[35] Van Der Linden, Sander, Anthony Leiserowitz, Seth Rosenthal, and Edward Maibach. 2017. “Inoculating the Public against Misinformation about Climate Change.” Global Challenges 1 (2): 1600008. https://doi.org/10.1002/gch2.201600008.
[36] Van Til, Jon. 2011. “The Structure of Sustained Dialogue and Public Deliberation.” In Resolving Community Conflicts and Problems : Public Deliberation and Sustained Dialogue, edited by Roger A. Lohmann and Jon Van Til, 15–32. New York: Columbia University Press. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=nlebk&AN=953970&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=gsu1.
[37] Walter, Nathan, and Riva Tukachinsky. 2020. “A Meta-Analytic Examination of the Continued Influence of Misinformation in the Face of Correction: How Powerful Is It, Why Does It Happen, and How to Stop It?” Communication Research 47 (2): 155–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650219854600.
[39] Wineburg, Sam, Joel Breakstone, Sarah McGrew, Mark Smith, and Teresa Ortega. 2021. “Lateral Reading on the Open Internet,” November. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3936112.
[40] Wintersieck, Amanda, Kim Fridkin, and Patrick Kenney. 2021. “The Message Matters: The Influence of Fact-Checking on Evaluations of Political Messages.” Journal of Political Marketing 20 (2): 93–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2018.1457591.
[41] Wojcieszak, Magdalena, and Benjamin R. Warner. 2020. “Can Interparty Contact Reduce Affective Polarization? A Systematic Test of Different Forms of Intergroup Contact.” Political Communication 37 (6): 789–811. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2020.1760406.